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Шах-Армени́ды (также Шахармены^[1] или Ахлатшахи) — династия правившая с 1100 по 1207 гг. государством^[2]^[3] в юго-западной Армении с центром в городе Хлат, на берегу Вана^[4]^[1]. Их владения охватывали бассейн озера Ван.

История

После распада империи Сельджукидов, в южной части Армении (современная юго-восточная Турция) на территории, частично принадлежавшей ранее Марванидам, утвердилась арменизированная^[5] сельджукская династия Шах-Арменидов. Основатель династии — сельджукский эмир Сукман I, курд по происхождению^[6]. Его внук Сукман II принял титул Шах-Арменa («армянского шаха»^{[Комм 1]}). Был женат на родственнице эмира Эрзурума Салтука.

В восточной Малой Азии, где армяне составляли подавляющее большинство населения^[7], имела место определённая арменизация сельджуков^[8], поскольку не только большая часть населения была представлена армянами разного вероисповедания, но также, в результате смешанных браков, образовалась армяно-тюркская община. Наследственные правители могущественного эмирата Хлата на юге Армении именовали себя Шах-и Армен (царь армян) и брали в жены армянок. Арменизация была не только этническим, но и культурным процессом. Так сельджукская архитектура вдохновлялась в том числе армянской архитектурой^[9].

Не все армяне, после сельджукского завоевания Армении и Малой Азии, переходили в ислам насильственно, многие ремесленники и военные принимали ислам добровольно по экономическим причинам. Исламизации способствовали также смешанные браки между представителями турецких и армянских высших классов. Ряд независимых эмиров в Анатолии имели армянское происхождение. Тем не менее, основная часть армянского населения, крестьяне, остались христианами^[10].

Армяне, греки и грузины служившие в войсках Шах-Арменов и соседнего Конийского султаната получали икты (земельные наделы) власть над которыми быстро стала наследственной^[7].

После смерти Сукмана II в 1185 году властью завладел мамлюк Бег-Тимур. В 1198 году его сын Мухаммад ал-Мансур сменил на престоле сына Сукмана, ак-Сонкора. Вскоре после смерти Мухаммада, в 1208 году в Хлате утвердилась династия мияфракинских Айюбидов. Шахармены были упорными противниками грузинских Багратидов в их борьбе за Армению и сумели остановить их продвижение на юг страны^[6].

Список правителей

Сукман I ал-Кутби (1100—1112)
Ибрахим Захир-эд-дин (1112—1127) сын Сукмана I
Ахмад (1127—1128) сын Сукмана I
Сукман II Насир-эд-дин (1128—1185) сын Ибрахима
Бег-Тимур Саиф-эд-дин (1185—1193) — есть предположение, что это сын Сукмана II
Бадр-зд-дин Ак-Сонкор (1193—1198) сын Сукмана II
Мухаммад аль-Мансур (1198—1206) сын Бег-Тимура
Балбан Изз-эд-дин (1206—1207)

↑ История и восхваление венценосцев. Тбилиси. АН ГрузССР. 1954:"Осыпав милостями амеров и имеров, жителей верхней и нижней [Картли], вельмож и азнауров, военачальников и полководцев, своих — домашних, и чужих — внешних, он собрал их и направился на город Кагзеван, причем пленил все скалистые ущелья и города Ашорнии, принадлежавшей Шах-Армену, прозванному царем армян."

Примечания

1 2 Большой энциклопедический словарь, статья: Шахармены
Оригинальный текст (рус.)

ШАХАРМЕНЫ, династия Шахов в Юж. Армении в 1100-1207.
↑ Роберт Хьюсен «Armenia: A Historical Atlas», стр. 129:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

As the Georgians gradually became masters of northern Armenia, the south central parts of the country passed under a Kurdish dynasty calling itself the Shah-Armen (1100-1207), a title tantamount to "king of Armenia." Centered at Khilat (Arm. Xlat'; Tk. Ahlat), on the northwest shore of Lake Van, the political situation of the Shah-Armen state changed greatly during the twelfth century in regard to what these shahs held and what was merely subject to them through ties of vassalage.
↑ Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times Vol. I. Chapter 10 «Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods» by Robert Bedrosian. pp. 241—271:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

The Seljuk Empire of Iran, proclaimed in 1040, lasted little more than one hundred years. It, in turn, was destroyed by another wave of Turkic nomads, the Kara Khitai. In Asia Minor a variety of states arose during the late eleventh and twelfth centuries, virtually independent of Iran and often inimical toward each other. The most important of these were the Danishmendid state centered at Sebastia/Sivas, the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (or Iconium) centered at Iconia/Konia and the state of the Shah-Armens centered at Khlat.
↑ Armenia and Iran — статья из Encyclopædia Iranica. G. Bournoutian
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

Further in the west, in 1077, the Saljuq sultanate of Rum was established. From 1100, in the center of Xlaṭʿ (Aḵlaṭ) in the western part of Greater Armenia, the Sukmanids ruled, calling themselves “Šāh-e Arman” (see Hay žołovrdi IV, chap. 28).
↑ Joseph Strayer «Dictionary of the Middle Ages» vol. 1, 1982. P. 485:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

Despite the survival of various minor principalities, the disappearance of the kingdom of Ani marked the end of the last major political unit in Greater Armenia for centuries to come. Nevertheless, some portions of the region recovered following the Seljuk conquest and the final withdrawal of Byzantium. Ani generally prospered under Shaddadid rule (1072-1199) despite, repeated Georgian attacks, as did Xlat under that of the "Philochristian" Armenized Seljuk dynasty of the Sah-i Armen (1100-1207).
1 2 Рыжов К. В. Шах-Армениды // Все монархи мира. Мусульманский Восток. VII—XV вв. — М. : Вече, 2004.
1 2 Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times Vol. I. Chapter 10 «Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods» by Robert Bedrosian. pp. 241—271:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

Another factor conditioning the behavior of the new overlords was their own status as a numerical minority. During and after the conquest, Turkic rulers and Muslim state-supported institutions expropriated the lands and properties of scores of lords and churches. They also became the new legislators or promulgators of law. Nonetheless, they had to contend with the reality of an overwhelmingly Armenian Christian population in eastern Asia Minor and a Greek population in western Asia Minor.
...
Furthermore, Armenians, Greeks, and Georgians serving in the armies of the Shah-Armens and the sultans of Rum also received iqtas, originally conditional landholds that quickly became hereditary.
↑ Seta B. Dadoyan «The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World: Armenian Realpolitik in the Islamic World and Diverging ParadigmsCase of Cilicia Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries» Transaction Publishers, 2013. Глава «The „Dynastic Triangle“ or the Second Age of Kingdoms—Diverging Paradigms and the Case of Armenian Cilicia: Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries», раздел II, часть A:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

As in the past, and similar to other non-Arab ethnic groups as well, the converts were always identified as "Armenians"; they retained their ethnicity and a syncretistic form of Christian culture. There happened an "Armenization of the Seljuks" while the Armenians were still the majority in many parts of eastern Asia Minor.
↑ Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times Vol. I. Chapter 10 «Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods» by Robert Bedrosian. pp. 241—271:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

Despite conversion by some, most Armenians remained true to their own distinctive form of Christianity. This fact, coupled with the reality of an Armenian majority in eastern Asia Minor, led to a certain "Armenization" of the Seljuks. Not only did Armenians of different faiths—Apostolic, Orthodox, Muslim—constitute the bulk of the population in eastern Asia Minor during the Seljuk domination, but fairly quickly an Armeno-Turkish community came into existence through intermarriage. Intermarriage occurred not only between the families of Armenian civil servants and Turkish lords but at the very pinnacle of the state. By the thirteenth century few Seljuk sultans of eastern Asia Minor lacked an Armenian, Georgian, or Greek parent or grandparent. Evidence even suggests that the great warlord and founder of the Danishmendid emirate, hero of the Turkish epic (the Danishmend-name), emir Malik Danishmend himself, was a Muslim Armenian. Judging from the many clearly Armenian names of his comrades-in-arms who waged holy war against the Byzantine Christian "infidels," the same was true of his inner circle. Danishmendid coinage usually was stamped with the sign of the Cross and/or a bust of Christ. The hereditary rulers of the powerful emirate of Khlat in southern Armenia styled themselves Shah-i-Armen (Persian for "king of the Armenians") and married Armenians. Armenization was not solely an ethnic process, but a cultural one as well. Seljuk architecture took some of its inspiration from Armenian architecture. In the eleventh to thirteenth centuries, many of the structures themselves were designed and built by Christian and Muslim Armenians.
↑ Дж. Бурнутян «A concise history of the Armenian people: (from ancient times to the present)» Mazda Publishers, 2005. Стр. 109—110:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

Not all Armenians converted to Islam by force; some Armenian artisans and military men converted voluntarily for economic reasons. Intermarriage between the Turkish and Armenian upper classes also contributed to such conversions. In fact, a number of independent emirs in Anatolia were of Armenian descent. The bulk of the Armenian population, the peasantry, however, remained Christian.

См. также

	Шах-Армениды на Викискладе

Турецкие бейлики в Анатолии

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[Shah_Armen-7] История и восхваление венценосцев. Тбилиси. АН ГрузССР. 1954:"Осыпав милостями амеров и имеров, жителей верхней и нижней [Картли], вельмож и азнауров, военачальников и полководцев, своих — домашних, и чужих — внешних, он собрал их и направился на город Кагзеван, причем пленил все скалистые ущелья и города Ашорнии, принадлежавшей Шах-Армену, прозванному царем армян."

[БЭС-1] 1 2 Большой энциклопедический словарь, статья: Шахармены
Оригинальный текст (рус.)

ШАХАРМЕНЫ, династия Шахов в Юж. Армении в 1100-1207.

[Хьюсен-2] Роберт Хьюсен «Armenia: A Historical Atlas», стр. 129:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

As the Georgians gradually became masters of northern Armenia, the south central parts of the country passed under a Kurdish dynasty calling itself the Shah-Armen (1100-1207), a title tantamount to "king of Armenia." Centered at Khilat (Arm. Xlat'; Tk. Ahlat), on the northwest shore of Lake Van, the political situation of the Shah-Armen state changed greatly during the twelfth century in regard to what these shahs held and what was merely subject to them through ties of vassalage.

[Бедросян-3] Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times Vol. I. Chapter 10 «Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods» by Robert Bedrosian. pp. 241—271:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

The Seljuk Empire of Iran, proclaimed in 1040, lasted little more than one hundred years. It, in turn, was destroyed by another wave of Turkic nomads, the Kara Khitai. In Asia Minor a variety of states arose during the late eleventh and twelfth centuries, virtually independent of Iran and often inimical toward each other. The most important of these were the Danishmendid state centered at Sebastia/Sivas, the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (or Iconium) centered at Iconia/Konia and the state of the Shah-Armens centered at Khlat.

[4] Armenia and Iran — статья из Encyclopædia Iranica. G. Bournoutian
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

Further in the west, in 1077, the Saljuq sultanate of Rum was established. From 1100, in the center of Xlaṭʿ (Aḵlaṭ) in the western part of Greater Armenia, the Sukmanids ruled, calling themselves “Šāh-e Arman” (see Hay žołovrdi IV, chap. 28).

[MiddleAges-5] Joseph Strayer «Dictionary of the Middle Ages» vol. 1, 1982. P. 485:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

Despite the survival of various minor principalities, the disappearance of the kingdom of Ani marked the end of the last major political unit in Greater Armenia for centuries to come. Nevertheless, some portions of the region recovered following the Seljuk conquest and the final withdrawal of Byzantium. Ani generally prospered under Shaddadid rule (1072-1199) despite, repeated Georgian attacks, as did Xlat under that of the "Philochristian" Armenized Seljuk dynasty of the Sah-i Armen (1100-1207).

[Рыжков-6] 1 2 Рыжов К. В. Шах-Армениды // Все монархи мира. Мусульманский Восток. VII—XV вв. — М. : Вече, 2004.

[Бедросян1-8] 1 2 Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times Vol. I. Chapter 10 «Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods» by Robert Bedrosian. pp. 241—271:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

Another factor conditioning the behavior of the new overlords was their own status as a numerical minority. During and after the conquest, Turkic rulers and Muslim state-supported institutions expropriated the lands and properties of scores of lords and churches. They also became the new legislators or promulgators of law. Nonetheless, they had to contend with the reality of an overwhelmingly Armenian Christian population in eastern Asia Minor and a Greek population in western Asia Minor.
...
Furthermore, Armenians, Greeks, and Georgians serving in the armies of the Shah-Armens and the sultans of Rum also received iqtas, originally conditional landholds that quickly became hereditary.

[dadoyan-9] Seta B. Dadoyan «The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World: Armenian Realpolitik in the Islamic World and Diverging ParadigmsCase of Cilicia Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries» Transaction Publishers, 2013. Глава «The „Dynastic Triangle“ or the Second Age of Kingdoms—Diverging Paradigms and the Case of Armenian Cilicia: Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries», раздел II, часть A:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

As in the past, and similar to other non-Arab ethnic groups as well, the converts were always identified as "Armenians"; they retained their ethnicity and a syncretistic form of Christian culture. There happened an "Armenization of the Seljuks" while the Armenians were still the majority in many parts of eastern Asia Minor.

[Бедросян2-10] Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times Vol. I. Chapter 10 «Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods» by Robert Bedrosian. pp. 241—271:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

Despite conversion by some, most Armenians remained true to their own distinctive form of Christianity. This fact, coupled with the reality of an Armenian majority in eastern Asia Minor, led to a certain "Armenization" of the Seljuks. Not only did Armenians of different faiths—Apostolic, Orthodox, Muslim—constitute the bulk of the population in eastern Asia Minor during the Seljuk domination, but fairly quickly an Armeno-Turkish community came into existence through intermarriage. Intermarriage occurred not only between the families of Armenian civil servants and Turkish lords but at the very pinnacle of the state. By the thirteenth century few Seljuk sultans of eastern Asia Minor lacked an Armenian, Georgian, or Greek parent or grandparent. Evidence even suggests that the great warlord and founder of the Danishmendid emirate, hero of the Turkish epic (the Danishmend-name), emir Malik Danishmend himself, was a Muslim Armenian. Judging from the many clearly Armenian names of his comrades-in-arms who waged holy war against the Byzantine Christian "infidels," the same was true of his inner circle. Danishmendid coinage usually was stamped with the sign of the Cross and/or a bust of Christ. The hereditary rulers of the powerful emirate of Khlat in southern Armenia styled themselves Shah-i-Armen (Persian for "king of the Armenians") and married Armenians. Armenization was not solely an ethnic process, but a cultural one as well. Seljuk architecture took some of its inspiration from Armenian architecture. In the eleventh to thirteenth centuries, many of the structures themselves were designed and built by Christian and Muslim Armenians.

[Бурнутян-11] Дж. Бурнутян «A concise history of the Armenian people: (from ancient times to the present)» Mazda Publishers, 2005. Стр. 109—110:
Оригинальный текст (англ.)

Not all Armenians converted to Islam by force; some Armenian artisans and military men converted voluntarily for economic reasons. Intermarriage between the Turkish and Armenian upper classes also contributed to such conversions. In fact, a number of independent emirs in Anatolia were of Armenian descent. The bulk of the Armenian population, the peasantry, however, remained Christian.

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История

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Примечания

См. также